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Ideas behind good poker play

Poker is a popular card game that combines elements of

chance and strategy. There are various styles of poker, all of which share an objective

of presenting the least probable or highest-scoring hand. A poker hand is usually a

configuration of five cards depending on the variant, either held entirely by a player

or drawn partly from a number of shared, community cards. Players bet on their hands in

a number of rounds as cards are drawn, employing various mathematical and intuitive

strategies in an attempt to better opponents.

Given the game's many different forms and

various dynamics, poker strategy becomes a complex subject. This article attempts to

introduce only the basic strategy concepts.

The fundamental theorem of poker [ edit

]

The fundamental theorem of poker, introduced by David Sklansky, states: Every time

you play your hand the way you would if you could see your opponents' cards, you gain,

and every time your opponents play their cards differently from the way they would play

them if they could see your cards, you gain.[1] This theorem is the foundation for many

poker strategy topics. For example, bluffing and slow-playing (explained below) are

examples of using deception to induce your opponents to play differently from how they

would if they could see your cards. There are some exceptions to the fundamental

theorem in certain multi-way pot situations, as described in Morton's theorem.

Pot

odds, implied odds and poker probabilities [ edit ]

The relationship between pot odds

and odds of winning is one of the most important concepts in poker strategy. Pot odds

are the ratio of the size of the pot to the size of the bet required to stay in the

pot.[1] For example, if a player must callR$10 for a chance to win aR$40 pot (not

including theirR$10 call), their pot odds are 4-to-1. To have a positive expectation, a

player's odds of winning must be better than their pot odds. If the player's odds of

winning are also 4-to-1 (20% chance of winning), their expected return is to break even

(on average, losing four times and winning once for every five times they play such a

pot).

Implied odds is a more complicated concept, though related to pot odds. The

implied odds on a hand are based not on the money currently in the pot, but on the

expected size of the pot at the end of the hand. When facing an even money situation

(like the one described in the previous paragraph) and holding a strong drawing hand

(say a Four flush) a skilled player will consider calling a bet or even opening based

on their implied odds. This is particularly true in multi-way pots, where it is likely

that one or more opponents will call all the way to showdown.

Deception [ edit ]

By

employing deception, a poker player hopes to induce their opponent(s) to act

differently from how they would if they could see their cards. David Sklansky has

argued that winning at poker is often decided by how much one player can force another

to change their style while successfully maintaining their own strategy.[2] Bluffing is

a form of deception where players bet strongly on a weak hand to induce opponents to

fold superior hands. Related is the semi-bluff, in which a player who does not have a

strong hand, but has a chance to improve it to a strong hand in later rounds, bets

strongly on the hand in the hopes of inducing other players with weaker "made" hands to

fold.[3] Slow-playing is deceptive play in poker that is roughly the opposite of

bluffing: checking or betting weakly with a strong holding, attempting to induce other

players with weaker hands to call or raise the bet instead of folding, to increase the

payout.

Position [ edit ]

A standard Texas hold 'em game with blinds

Position refers to

the order in which players are seated around the table and the strategic consequences

of this. Generally, players in earlier position (who have to act first) need stronger

hands to bet/raise or call than players in later position. For example, if there are

five opponents yet to act behind a player, there is a greater chance one of the yet to

act opponents will have a better hand than if there were only one opponent yet to act.

Being in late position is an advantage because a player gets to see how their opponents

in earlier position act (which provides the player more information about their hands

than they have about his). This information, coupled with a low bet to a late player,

may allow the player to "limp in" with a weaker hand when they would have folded the

same hand if they'd had to act earlier. Position is one of the most vital elements to

understand in order to be a long-term winning player. As a player's position improves,

so too does the range of cards with which they can profitably enter a hand. Conversely

this commonly held knowledge can be used to an intelligent poker player's advantage. If

playing against observant opponents, then a raise with any two cards can 'steal the

blinds,' if executed against passive players at the right time.

Reasons to raise [ edit

]

Unlike calling, raising has an extra way to win: opponents may fold. An opening bet

may be considered a raise from a strategy perspective. David Sklansky gives several

reasons for raising, summarized below.[1]

To get more money in the pot when a player

has the best hand: If a player has the best hand, raising for value enables them to win

a bigger pot.

If a player has the best hand, enables them to win a bigger pot. To drive

out opponents when a player has the best hand: If a player has a made hand, raising may

protect their hand by driving out opponents with drawing hands who may otherwise

improve to a better hand.

If a player has a made hand, raising may protect their hand

by driving out opponents with drawing hands who may otherwise improve to a better hand.

To bluff A player raises with an inferior or "trash" hand attempts to deceive other

players about the strength of their hand, and hopefully induce a better hand to fold.

A

player raises with an inferior or "trash" hand attempts to deceive other players about

the strength of their hand, and hopefully induce a better hand to fold. To semi-bluff A

player with a drawing hand may raise both to bluff and for value. While technically

still a bluff, as the player may not end up with a made hand and is primarily trying to

drive out players, the player still has the opportunity to make his or her hand and win

the pot if the bluff is called.

A player with a drawing hand may raise both to bluff

and for value. While technically still a bluff, as the player may not end up with a

made hand and is primarily trying to drive out players, the player still has the

opportunity to make his or her hand and win the pot if the bluff is called. To block

Players on drawing hands may put out a "blocking bet" against players who are likely to

bet when checked to, but unlikely to raise when bet into. This is a small bet made on a

drawing hand to lessen the likelihood of having to call a larger bet from a player in

late position.

Players on drawing hands may put out a "blocking bet" against players

who are likely to bet when checked to, but unlikely to raise when bet into. This is a

small bet made on a drawing hand to lessen the likelihood of having to call a larger

bet from a player in late position. To get a free card: If a player raises with a

drawing hand, their opponent may call the bet and check to them on the next betting

round, giving them a chance to get a free card to improve their hand.

If a player

raises with a drawing hand, their opponent may call the bet and check to them on the

next betting round, giving them a chance to get a free card to improve their hand. To

gain information: If a player raises with an uncertain hand, they gain information

about the strength of their opponent's hand if they are called. Players may use an

opening bet on a later betting round ( probe or continuation bets) to gain information

by being called or raised (or may win the pot immediately).

If a player raises with an

uncertain hand, they gain information about the strength of their opponent's hand if

they are called. Players may use an opening bet on a later betting round ( or bets) to

gain information by being called or raised (or may win the pot immediately). To drive

out worse hands when a player's own hand may be second best: A combination protection

and probe raise, a player with a strong hand but not the "nuts" (the hole cards that

make the best possible hand given the current face-up cards) may raise, both to induce

drawing hands that may improve to the "nut hand" to fold, while also testing to see if

another player has the "nuts".

A combination protection and probe raise, a player with

a strong hand but not the "nuts" (the hole cards that make the best possible hand given

the current face-up cards) may raise, both to induce drawing hands that may improve to

the "nut hand" to fold, while also testing to see if another player has the "nuts". To

drive out better hands when a drawing hand bets: If an opponent with an apparent

drawing hand has bet before the player to act, if the player raises, opponents behind

them who may have a better hand may fold rather than call two bets "cold". This is a

form of isolation play, and has elements of blocking and protection.

Reasons to call [

edit ]

There are several reasons for calling a bet or raise, summarized below.

To see

more cards: With a drawing hand, a player may be receiving the correct pot odds with

the call to see more cards.

With a drawing hand, a player may be receiving the correct

pot odds with the call to see more cards. To limit loss in equity: Calling may be

appropriate when a player has adequate pot odds to call but will lose equity on

additional money contributed to the pot with a raise.

Calling may be appropriate when a

player has adequate pot odds to call but will lose equity on additional money

contributed to the pot with a raise. To avoid a re-raise: Only calling (and not

raising) denies the original bettor the option of re-raising. However, this is only

completely safe in case the player is last to act (i.e. "closing the action").

Only

calling (and not raising) denies the original bettor the option of re-raising. However,

this is only completely safe in case the player is last to act (i.e. "closing the

action"). To conceal the strength of a player's hand: If a player has a very strong

hand, they might smooth call on an early betting round to avoid giving away the

strength of their hand on the hope of getting more money into the pot in later betting

rounds.

If a player has a very strong hand, they might smooth call on an early betting

round to avoid giving away the strength of their hand on the hope of getting more money

into the pot in later betting rounds. To manipulate pot odds: By calling (not raising),

a player offers any opponents yet to act behind them more favorable pot odds to also

call. For example, if a player has a very strong hand, a smooth call may encourage

opponents behind them to overcall or even raise, building the pot. Particularly in

limit games, building the pot in an earlier betting round may induce opponents to call

future bets in later betting rounds because of the pot odds they will be receiving.

By

calling (not raising), a player offers any opponents yet to act behind them more

favorable pot odds to also call. For example, if a player has a very strong hand, a may

encourage opponents behind them to or even raise, building the pot. Particularly in

limit games, building the pot in an earlier betting round may induce opponents to call

future bets in later betting rounds because of the pot odds they will be receiving. To

set up a bluff on a later betting round: Sometimes referred to as a long-ball bluff or

float, calling on an earlier betting round can set up a bluff (or semi-bluff) on a

later betting round. For instance, a player with a strong initial hand may call instead

of raise to see the flop cheaply. That flop may not benefit the player, but the player

may still have many "outs" (cards left to deal that could make a strong hand), or even

if the odds are slim they can try to bluff. By raising, this scenario may appear to an

opponent like a player who has "limped in" with a weak initial hand, but after the flop

now has a strong made or drawing hand. A recent online term for "long-ball bluffing" is

floating.[4]

Gap concept [ edit ]

The gap concept states that a player needs a better

hand to play against someone who has already opened (or raised) the betting than he

would need to open himself.[5] The gap concept reflects that players prefer to avoid

confrontations with other players who have already indicated strength, and that calling

only has one way to win (by having the best hand), whereas opening may also win

immediately if your opponent(s) fold.

Sandwich effect [ edit ]

Related to the gap

effect, the sandwich effect states that a player needs a stronger hand to stay in a pot

when there are opponents yet to act behind him.[4] Because the player does not know how

many opponents will be involved in the pot or whether he will have to call a re-raise,

he does not know what his effective pot odds actually are. Therefore, a stronger hand

is desired as compensation for this uncertainty. A squeeze play exploits this

principle.

Loose/tight play [ edit ]

Loose players play relatively more hands and tend

to continue with weaker hands; hence they do not often fold. Tight players play

relatively fewer hands and tend not to continue with weaker hands; hence they often

fold. The following concepts are applicable in loose games (and their inverse in tight

games):[1]

Bluffs and semi-bluffs are less effective because loose opponents are less

likely to fold.

Requirements for continuing with made hands may be lower because loose

players may also be playing lower value hands.

Drawing to incomplete hands, like

flushes, tends to be more valuable as draws will often get favorable pot odds and a

stronger hand (rather than merely one pair) is often required to win in multi-way

pots.

Aggressive/passive play [ edit ]

Aggressive play refers to betting and raising.

Passive play refers to checking and calling. Unless passive play is being used

deceptively as mentioned above, aggressive play is generally considered stronger than

passive play because of the bluff value of bets and raises and because it offers more

opportunities for your opponents to make mistakes.[1]

Hand reading, tells and leveling

[ edit ]

Hand reading is the process of making educated guesses about the possible

cards an opponent may hold, based on the sequence of actions in the pot. The term 'hand

reading' is actually a misnomer, as skilled players do not attempt to assign a player

to an exact hand. Rather they attempt to narrow the possibilities down to a range of

probable hands based on the past actions of their opponent, during both the current

hand and previous hands played by this opponent.

Tells are detectable changes in

opponents' behavior or demeanor which provide clues about their hands or their

intentions. Educated guesses about opponents' cards and intentions can help a player

avoid mistakes in his own play, induce mistakes by the opponents, or influence the

opponents to take actions that they would not normally take under the circumstances.

For example, a tell might suggest that an opponent has missed a draw, so a player

seeing it may decide a bluff would be more effective than usual.

Leveling or multiple

level thinking is accounting for what the other opponents think about the hands. This

information can then be used to the player's advantage. Some players might be able to

make educated guesses about opponents' hands; this could be seen as the first level.

The second level could be thought of as the combination of the first level and deducing

what the opponents think the player's hand may be. Skilled players can adjust their

game play to be on a higher level than that of less skilled opponents.

Table image and

opponent profiling [ edit ]

By observing the tendencies and patterns of one's

opponents, one can make more educated guesses about others' potential holdings. For

example, if a player has been playing extremely tightly (playing very few hands), then

when he/she finally enters a pot, one may surmise that he/she has stronger than average

cards. One's table image is the perception by one's opponents of one's own pattern of

play. A player can leverage their table image by playing out of character, and thereby

inducing his/her opponents to misjudge his/her hand and make a mistake.

In live poker,

as opposed to internet, stereotypes are often used for initial 'reads'. For instance,

people of retirement age are often witnessed to play tight. Players will often project

this image on unknown people of retirement age. Young people wearing headphones and

hoodies are often witnessed to play more aggressively and mathematically if they played

a lot of winning internet poker. These stereotypes can often be good bases to start a

profile.

Often, there is a rather small pool of players in a given card playing venue.

People will carry their history of playing with them in these environments.

Internet

poker players can use large databases of hand histories to get a more precise player

profile. Statistical information about opponents is displayed on the tables in the form

of a heads up display. The most commonly used software is PokerTracker and Hold'em

Manager.

Equity [ edit ]

Players' equity in a pot is their expected share of the pot,

expressed either as a percentage (probability of winning) or expected value (amount of

pot * probability of winning). Negative equity, or loss in equity, occurs when

contributing to a pot with a probability of winning less than 1 / (number of opponents

matching the contribution+1).

Example Alice contributesR$12 to a pot and is matched by

two other opponents. Alice'sR$12 contribution "bought" the chance to winR$36. If

Alice's probability of winning is 50%, her equity in theR$36 pot isR$18 (a gain in

equity because herR$12 is now "worth"R$18). If her probability of winning is only 10%,

Alice loses equity because herR$12 is now only "worth"R$3.60 (amount of pot *

probability of winning).

Texas hold 'em example Alice holds J? 8?. Bob holds K? 7?.

After the flop, the board is 5?6?7? . If both hands are played to a showdown, Alice has

a 45% chance to win (which she is unaware of, because she does not know what hand Bob

holds), Bob has a 53% chance to win and there is a 2% chance to split the pot. The pot

currently hasR$51. Alice goes all-in forR$45 reasoning that she can take the pot

immediately if Bob folds or that Bob calls with a worse hand. Bob's simple pot odds for

the call are also 32%; since his equity of 53% is greater than the pot odds he has to

call, Bob has a positive expected value for the call (if he knew Alice's hole

cards).

Short-handed considerations [ edit ]

When playing short-handed (at a table with

3-6 players), players must loosen up their play (play more hands) for several

reasons:[1]

There is less likelihood of another player having a strong hand because

there are fewer players.

Each player's share of the forced bets increases because there

are fewer players contributing to the forced bets, thus waiting for premium hands

becomes more expensive.

This type of situation comes up most often in tournament style

play. In a cash game, the adjustments are very similar, but not quite as drastic as the

table can ask for what is known as a 'rake break.' A rake break occurs when the

floor-man, who represents the casino, agrees to take a smaller portion than usual for

the hand. For example, a random casino might normally receive 10% of the pot up to 5

dollars for a 'rake.' In this case the table would only owe 10% up to 3 dollars until

there are a sufficient number of players again. In online poker rake breaks are

determined automatically.

Structure considerations [ edit ]

The blinds and antes and

limit structure of the game have a significant influence on poker strategy. For

example, it is easier to manipulate pot odds in no-limit and pot-limit games than in

limit games. In tournaments, as the size of the forced bets relative to the chip stacks

grows, pressure is placed on players to play pots to avoid being anted/blinded

away.[6]

Mindset considerations [ edit ]

In 2014, Bwin conducted a study to see what

makes a professional poker player. The brain activity of poker players, of varying

degrees, was monitored using EEG headsets and visualised into brain maps.[7] Leading

sports psychologist, James Hazlett, then interpreted the findings:

More experienced

players showed higher levels of focus and concentration throughout the game.

The

amateur players had less control over their emotions, and were prone to allowing

negative emotions, such as frustration, to distract them.

Whilst opponents were taking

their turn, the expert players opened up another table or watched replays of hands they

had played poorly to improve.

The brain maps showed that the professional players were

led more by logic and intuition.

The conclusions of the study suggest that poker

players can improve their strategy by considering their mindset. Mental training

techniques, commonly used by athletes, could therefore help to improve performance by

working on elements such as self-control and concentration.

See also [ edit ]

Poker

plays [ edit ]

Specific games [ edit ]